{"id":960,"date":"2025-04-16T22:01:00","date_gmt":"2025-04-16T19:01:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/izabelin.org\/?p=960"},"modified":"2026-02-21T23:28:23","modified_gmt":"2026-02-21T20:28:23","slug":"%d1%85%d0%be%d1%80%d1%83%d0%b6%d0%b5%d0%b2%d0%be-%d0%b4%d0%b5%d1%80%d0%b5%d0%b2%d0%bd%d1%8f","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/izabelin.org\/?p=960","title":{"rendered":"\u0425\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u0432\u043e, \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u044f"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0425\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0430\u0432\u0430, \u0432\u0451\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u045e \u0412\u0430\u045e\u043a\u0430\u0432\u044b\u0441\u043a\u0456\u043c \u0440-\u043d\u0435 \u045e \u0406\u0437\u0430\u0431\u0435\u043b\u0456\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u043c \u0441\/\u0441.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">1567 \u0433. \u2013 \u0443\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043d\u0430\u0441\u0446\u044c \u0424\u0440\u044b\u0434\u0440\u044b\u0445\u0430 \u0413\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0456\u043d\u0430, \u044f\u043a\u0456 \u0437\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043f\u0456\u0441\u0443 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u0412\u041a\u041b \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0456\u045e \u0430\u0434\u0441\u044e\u043b\u044c \u0434\u0432\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u043d\u044f. \u0414\u0430 1880 \u0433. \u043c\u0430\u0451\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043a \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0448\u0447\u0430\u0439 385 \u0434\u0437\u0435\u0441. \u043d\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0430\u045e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0446\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0443 \u0441\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0456\u043a\u0443 \u0424\u0451\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0443 \u0424\u0451\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0456\u0447\u0443 \u041f\u044f\u0442\u0440\u043e\u045e\u0441\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0443. \u0423 \u0433\u044d\u0442\u044b\u043c \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0437\u0435 \u043c\u0430\u0451\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043a \u0432\u044b\u043a\u0443\u043f\u0456\u045e \u0441\u0435\u043b\u044f\u043d\u0456\u043d \u0410\u043d\u0442\u043e\u043d \u041d\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0441\u0430\u0434.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u041f\u0430\u043c\u0456\u0436 1880 \u0456 1913 \u0433.\u0433. \u043f\u0430\u0441\u043b\u044f \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0446\u0456 \u0410\u043d\u0442\u043e\u043d\u0430 \u041d\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0441\u0430\u0434\u0430, \u043c\u0430\u0451\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043a \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0439\u0448\u043e\u045e \u0443 \u0441\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0447\u044b\u043d\u0443 \u043a \u0434\u0430\u0447\u0446\u044d \u0412\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0440\u044b\u0456, \u043f\u0430 \u043c\u0443\u0436\u0443 \u0412\u0456\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e\u045e\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0439. \u041f\u0430\u0441\u043b\u044f \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0446\u0456 \u0412\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0440\u044b\u0456 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0439\u0448\u043e\u045e \u0443 \u0441\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0447\u044b\u043d\u0443 \u044f\u0435 \u0434\u0437\u0435\u0446\u044f\u043c \u2013 \u042e\u043b\u0456\u0456, \u0420\u0430\u043c\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0434\u0443, \u0410\u043b\u0451\u043d\u0435, \u0412\u043e\u0441\u0456\u043f\u0443 \u0456 \u0410\u043d\u0442\u043e\u043d\u0443 \u041c\u0435\u0447\u0456\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0432\u044b\u043c \u0412\u0456\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e\u045e\u0441\u043a\u0456\u043c. 1909 \u0433. \u2013 \u0443\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043d\u0430\u0441\u0446\u044c \u0412\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0440\u044b\u044f\u043d\u044b \u0410\u043d\u0442\u043e\u043d\u0430\u045e\u043d\u044b \u0412\u0456\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e\u045e\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0439. 1913 \u0433. \u2013 \u043c\u0430\u0451\u043d\u0442\u043a\u0430\u043c \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u045e\u043b\u044f\u045e \u0456\u0445 \u0431\u0430\u0446\u044c\u043a\u0430 \u041c\u0435\u0447\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0430\u045e \u0412\u0456\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e\u045e\u0441\u043a\u0456.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0412\u0451\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u045e\u0437\u043d\u0456\u043a\u043b\u0430 \u0437 \u0434\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0430 \u0425\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u045e \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0446\u044b 19-\u0433\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0437\u044f. 1905 \u0433. \u2013\u0432\u0451\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u045e \u041f\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0446\u0456, 80 \u0436\u044b\u0445\u0430\u0440\u043e\u045e, 28 \u0432\u0451\u0440\u0441\u0442 \u0430\u0434 \u0412\u0430\u045e\u043a\u0430\u0432\u044b\u0441\u043a\u0430. \u041c\u0430\u0451\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043a \u0425\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u045e 1905 \u0433. \u043b\u0456\u0447\u044b\u045e\u0441\u044f \u045e \u0406\u0437\u0430\u0431\u0435\u043b\u0456\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0446\u0456. 1914 \u0433. \u2013 \u043c\u0430\u0451\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043a \u043f\u0440\u044b \u0434\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0437\u0435 \u0417\u044d\u043b\u044c\u0432\u0430-\u0406\u0437\u0430\u0431\u0435\u043b\u0456\u043d, 4 \u0434\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0430, 21 \u043c\u0443\u0436. \u0456 30 \u0436\u0430\u043d.; \u0445\u0443\u0442\u0430\u0440 \u043f\u0440\u044b \u0434\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0437\u0435 \u0406\u0437\u0430\u0431\u0435\u043b\u0456\u043d-\u0417\u044d\u043b\u044c\u0432\u0430, 1 \u0434\u0432\u043e\u0440, 5 \u043c\u0443\u0436. \u0456 6 \u0436\u0430\u043d.; \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0456 \u0445\u0443\u0442\u0430\u0440 \u0437 \u043c\u0430\u0451\u043d\u0442\u043a\u0430\u043c, 1 \u0434\u0432\u043e\u0440, 1 \u043c\u0443\u0436. \u0456 4 \u0436\u0430\u043d. 1921-1939 \u0433.\u0433. \u2013 \u0432\u0451\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u0456 \u0444\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a \u0443 \u0433\u043c\u0456\u043d\u0435 \u0406\u0437\u0430\u0431\u0435\u043b\u0456\u043d, \u0432\u0451\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u0437 13 \u0434\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0456 \u0456 74 \u0436\u044b\u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0456, \u0434\u0432\u0430 \u0445\u0443\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0430 \u0437\u0430 0,2 \u0456 0,5 \u043a\u043c \u043d\u0430 \u041f\u043d \u0430\u0434 \u0432\u0451\u0441\u043a\u0456 \u0425\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0430\u0432\u0430, \u0444\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a \u0437\u0430 1 \u043a\u043c \u043d\u0430 \u041f\u043d\u0423 \u0430\u0434 \u0432\u0451\u0441\u043a\u0456 \u0425\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0430\u0432\u0430. \u041d\u0430 \u0445\u0443\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0445 \u0456 \u0444\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0432\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0436\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0456 \u0434\u0437\u0432\u0435 \u0441\u044f\u043c&#8217;\u0456 \u0410\u043c\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0448\u043a\u0435\u0432\u0456\u0447\u0430\u045e \u0456 \u043f\u0430 \u0430\u0434\u0437\u0456\u043d\u0430\u0439 \u0441\u044f\u043c&#8217;\u0456 \u041c\u0430\u0441\u0435\u0432\u0456\u0447 \u0456 \u042e\u0448\u043a\u0435\u0432\u0456\u0447. 1935 \u0433. \u2013 \u0437 \u043c\u0430\u0451\u043d\u0442\u043a\u0430 \u0425\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0430\u0432\u0430 119 \u0433\u0430 \u0437\u044f\u043c\u043b\u0456 \u043d\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0436\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u0420\u0430\u043c\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0434\u0443 \u0412\u0456\u043b\u043a\u0430\u043d\u043e\u045e\u0441\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0443 (\u0412\u0456\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e\u045e\u0441\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0443), 109 \u0433\u0430 \u2013 \u042e\u0437\u0435\u0444\u0443 \u0412\u0456\u043b\u043a\u0430\u043d\u043e\u045e\u0441\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0443, 106 \u0433\u0430 \u2013 \u0410\u043d\u0442\u043e\u043d\u0443 \u0412\u0456\u043b\u043a\u0430\u043d\u043e\u045e\u0441\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0443, 50 \u0433\u0430 \u2013 \u0425\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0435 \u041b\u0435\u0432\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0439, 50 \u0433\u0430 \u2013 \u042e\u043b\u0456\u0456 \u041c\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0432\u0456\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0439.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"\u0425\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0430\u0432\u0430, \u0432\u0451\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u045e \u0412\u0430\u045e\u043a\u0430\u0432\u044b\u0441\u043a\u0456\u043c \u0440-\u043d\u0435 \u045e \u0406\u0437\u0430\u0431\u0435\u043b\u0456\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u043c \u0441\/\u0441. 1567 \u0433. \u2013 \u0443\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043d\u0430\u0441\u0446\u044c \u0424\u0440\u044b\u0434\u0440\u044b\u0445\u0430 \u0413\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0456\u043d\u0430, \u044f\u043a\u0456 \u0437\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043f\u0456\u0441\u0443 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430&hellip;\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1305,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"pgc_sgb_lightbox_settings":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[100],"tags":[28],"class_list":["post-960","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-100","tag-28"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/izabelin.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/960","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/izabelin.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/izabelin.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/izabelin.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/izabelin.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=960"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/izabelin.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/960\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":961,"href":"https:\/\/izabelin.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/960\/revisions\/961"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/izabelin.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/1305"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/izabelin.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=960"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/izabelin.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=960"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/izabelin.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=960"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}